Beyond the Sociocultural Rhetoric: Female Genital Mutilation, Cultural Values and the Symbolic Capital (Honor) of Women and Their Family in Conakry, Guinea-A Focused Ethnography Among "Positive Deviants".

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is justified by sociocultural arguments, including that it guarantees girls'/women's appropriate sexual behavior, thus preserving family honor. We explored the perspectives of Guineans who do not practice FGM ("positive deviants"), as well as of Guineans who still practice FGM but who are supportive of abandoning the practice ("reluctant adherents"). We conducted a "focused ethnographic" study in Conakry, Guinea with a sample of 58 people. Individual semi-structured interviews were undertaken to explore the views and experiences of 18 women and 12 men of different generations who abandoned the practice of FGM. Group interviews with an additional 16 women and 12 men (half of whom were "positive deviants" and the other half "reluctant adherents") validated and enriched the data. Participants consider that FGM has deleterious consequences as it: (1) does not prevent girls or married women from being sexually active outside of marriage; (2) may impair couples' sexual satisfaction, and thus lead to divorce, men's infidelity or polygamy; and (3) may reduce women's ability to have multiple children, because of the increased risk of infertility or obstetric complications. In addition, participants reported that many Guineans fear that the promotion of FGM abandonment is a Western plot to eradicate their culture. We conclude that Guineans who practice and do not practice FGM share the same cultural values about the importance of culturally appropriate sexual behavior, being married, and having many children, which are central sources of honor (symbolic capital) to women and their families. They, however, have opposing views on how to achieve these objectives. Based on our participants' perspectives, the harmful consequences of FGM can potentially sabotage these sources of honor. Recommendations for messages aimed at promoting FGM abandonment are discussed.

Role of social, cultural and symbolic capital for youth and community wellbeing in a rural Alaska Native community.

Health promotion programs by and for Indigenous Peoples increasingly use strength-based Indigenous approaches aimed at reinforcing protective factors rooted in their cultures and traditions. These protective factors can counteract the deleterious effects induced by the rapid social changes related to colonization. Western social scientists defined cultural, social and symbolic capital as assets akin to social strengths that can promote health. It is important to understand Indigenous perspectives on these social and cultural capitals, and the ways their interplay can promote wellness. Using the qualitative methods photovoice and digital storytelling, we elicited the perspectives of Athabascan middle and high school students participating in the Frank Attla Youth and Sled Dog Care-Mushing Program in their home community of Huslia in Interior Alaska. Subsequently, we disseminated the stories and preliminary findings in Huslia, and conducted focus groups with adults to triangulate with the youth perspectives. Deductive and inductive thematic content analysis of youth stories and photos revealed the impacts of the program on them and their community. Youth reported gains in cultural, social and symbolic capital and shared what these forms of capital mean in their cultural context. Cultural capital gains were mostly in its embodied form, e.g. in work ethics, perseverance and the value of cultural traditions; social capital gains revolved around relations with peers, adults and Elders, nature and animals, as well as social cohesion and sense of belonging in Huslia; Symbolic capital was reflected through pride and spirituality. The students' stories also illustrated their perspectives on how the program affected their wellbeing, through physical activity, healing relations with dogs, increased self-esteem and visions of a bright future. Adults corroborated youth perspectives and shared their observations of program impacts on discipline, academic and life skills and resilience. These findings could be used to guide development and assessment of culturally-based wellbeing promoting interventions.

Preferences for a mixed-sex composition of offspring: A multigenerational approach.

Parents with two boys or two girls are more likely to have a third child than those with a 'sex mix'. However, little is known on whether these 'mixed-sex preferences' extend beyond the nuclear family. This study leverages the random variation in sex at birth to assess whether the sex of nieces and nephews, in combination with own children, matters for fertility choices. Using three-generational data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), I show that extended families (including grandparents, their children, and their grandchildren) are collectively more likely to have three or more grandchildren when lacking sex mix, whether the first two grandchildren are siblings or cousins. I explore the pathways for these offspring sex preferences, finding support for a preference for an uninterrupted line of male descendants. This multigenerational approach also contributes a new estimation strategy that causally estimates the effects of family sizes on outcomes beyond fertility.

Village health workers as health diplomats: negotiating health and study participation in a malaria elimination trial in The Gambia.

BACKGROUND: Although many success stories exist of Village Health Workers (VHWs) improving primary health care, critiques remain about the medicalisation of their roles in disease-specific interventions. VHWs are placed at the bottom of the health system hierarchy as cheap and low-skilled volunteers, irrespective of their highly valued social and political status within communities. In this paper, we shed light on the political role VHWs play and investigate how this shapes their social and medical roles, including their influence on community participation. METHOD: The study was carried out within the context of a malaria elimination trial implemented in rural villages in the North Bank of The Gambia between 2016 and 2018. The trial aimed to reduce malaria prevalence by treating malaria index cases and their potentially asymptomatic compound members, in which VHWs took an active role advocating their community and the intervention, mobilising the population, and distributing antimalarial drugs. Mixed-methods research was used to collect and analyse data through qualitative interviews, group discussions, observations, and quantitative surveys. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We explored the emic logic of participation in a malaria elimination trial and found that VHWs played a pivotal role in representing their community and negotiating with the Medical Research Council to bring benefits (e.g. biomedical care service) to the community. We highlight this representative role of VHWs as 'health diplomats', valued and appreciated by community members, and potentially increasing community participation in the trial. We argue that VHWs aspire to be politically present and be part of the key decision-makers in the community through their health diplomat role. CONCLUSION: It is thus likely that in the context of rural Gambia, supporting VHWs beyond medical roles, in their social and political roles, would contribute to the improved performance of VHWs and to enhanced community participation in activities the community perceive as beneficial.

'They are a shame to the community ' stigma, school attendance, solitude and resilience among pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers in Mahama refugee camp, Rwanda.

Mahama refugee camp in Rwanda, whose population is predominately Burundian, has registered a rapid rise in pregnancies among girls between 13 and 15 years. In Rwanda, pregnant girls are encouraged to remain in school as long as their health and the health of the child is not jeopardised. Yet this study found that the majority of pregnant teenagers and teen mothers in Mahama are not in school due to the stigma associated with teenage pregnancy. This paper describes how pregnant teenagers and teen mothers experience stigma in terms of solitude and isolation. I draw on Bourdieusian theories of capital to expand on the analysis of solitude, to highlight how teen mothers use this solitude or isolation to rebuild their self-esteem and the symbolic capital which they lose when they become pregnant. The study suggests that despite the existence of a policy guaranteeing certain rights to girls, closer attention should be paid to the contextual barriers that may hinder pregnant teenagers or teen mothers from exercising these rights.

Making time for food when 'doing time'; how enhanced status prisoners counter the indignity of prison foodways.

In contemporary neo-liberal societies, forms of responsible individualism and approaches to everyday foodways that reify healthy home-cooked food prepared from scratch, eaten together around a table are imbued with high cultural capital. What are the implications of this for criminalised individuals incarcerated in a prison system in England and Wales, that works with extremely low budgets, makes heavy use of pre-packaged convenience food and serves food to prisoners in their cells? Indeed, findings from Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Prison Report on food (2016:13), claims that 'the quantity and quality of the food provided [in prison] is insufficient, and the conditions in which it is served and eaten undermine respect for prisoners' dignity', which they argue has implications in terms of increasing the marginalisation and alienation of the prison population from the 'free community'. In this paper I draw on data from 39 in depth interviews at a resettlement scheme in England, conducted with 18 prisoners released on temporary licence from the resettlement wing of a closed and segregated Category C male prison. The enhanced status of prisoners and the benefits of being on the resettlement wing affords opportunities in relation to everyday foodways not available to regular prisoners. Their narrative accounts of prison foodways exemplify some of the HMIP findings and demonstrate how an enhanced prisoner status can counter notions of food as threat and poison, through systems of bartering, solidarity and recompense.

Experiência e sabedoria em campo: uma representação social positiva sobre o processo de envelhecimento dos "veteranos" no "campo" futebolístico amador de Ponta Grossa­Paraná (2014-2017) / Experience and wisdom in the field: a positive social representation of the aging process of the "veterans" in the amateur football "field" in Ponta Grossa, Paraná (2014-2017)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o processo de construção e manutenção de uma representação social positiva sobre os jogadores veteranos, presentes no campo futebolístico amador existente na cidade de Ponta Grossa (PR). Para tanto, optou-se pelos direcionamentos metodológicos da etnografia, pois eles guiam os pesquisadores no processo interpretativo da "visão sobre o mundo" dos indivíduos pertencentes ao grupo social investigado, através das interpretações de suas práticas simbólicas. As representações revelaram que mesmo no campo esportivo em que, tradicionalmente, o rendimento técnico-físico é o que determina a visão sobre os diferentes agentes; na análise em questão descobriu-se que através de ancoragens compensatórias, tais como não se tem vigor físico mas tem sabedoria/experiência, somado ao capital simbólico adquirido historicamente os idosos foram representados como figuras centrais deste espaço social. Conclui-se que em Ponta Grossa o futebol amador veterano apresenta-se como uma manifestação sociocultural, que tensiona o olhar negativo que comumente é estabelecido para o processo de envelhecimento e para a velhice. (AU)

The objective of the present study was to analyze the process of building and maintaining a positive social representation about the veteran players of the amateur football field in the city of Ponta Grossa, PR. In order to do so, we chose the methodological orientations of ethnography, since they guide the researchers in the interpretative process of the "world view" of the individuals belonging to the social group investigated, through the interpretations of their symbolic practices. It is concluded that in Ponta Grossa football presents itself as a sociocultural manifestation, which makes it possible to hold the negative eye on the process of aging and old age. The social representations revealed that even in the sports field, where it is aprioristically imagined that the performance is what determines the vision on the different agents, in the analysis in question it was discovered that through compensatory anchorages (there is no physical force, but has intelligence) and the acquired symbolic capital, legitimize the elderly as nuclear figures of the field. (AU)

La legitimación de la resistencia. El caso de la Red de Artistas y Activistas Populares de Bello / The Legitimacy of Resistance: A Case of the Net of Artists and Popular Activists in Bello

Resumen En este artículo se estudian los procesos de legitimación puestos en práctica por los integrantes de la Red de Artistas y Activistas Populares de Bello, colectivo cuyo lema es "resistir mediante el arte". Gracias a una metodología cualitativa, con énfasis en el análisis de discursos y la observación etnográfica, se demuestra que en este tipo de iniciativas cohabitan prácticas y discursos necesarios a su legitimación tanto interna como externa. Igualmente, se concluye que los procesos organizativos de la resistencia implican formas de dominación fluctuantes y una distribución desigual del capital simbólico entre sus integrantes.

Abstract This article examines the processes of legitimacy put into practice by the members of the Network of Popular Artists and Activists in Bello, a group whose motto is "to resist through art." Thanks to a qualitative methodology, with an emphasis on discourse analysis and ethnographic observation, it is demonstrated that in this type of initiatives cohabits necessary practices and speeches to their legitimation both internal and external. Likewise, it is concluded that the organizational processes of resistance imply fluctuating forms of domination and an unequal distribution of symbolic capital among its members.

Sociological analysis of the medical field: using Bourdieu to understand the processes preceding medical doctors' specialty choice and the influence of perceived status and other forms of symbolic capital on their choices.

Several studies have demonstrated that medical students and doctors rank specialties differently in terms of perceived status and prestige. At the same time some of the specialties have problems with recruiting and retaining staff. This study aimed to understand what constitutes status and prestige in the medical field and how it influences medical doctors' choice of specialty. By using a sociological perspective and applying Bourdieu's theoretical concepts of field, symbolic capital and perceived status, we analysed young doctors' journeys towards their chosen specialty. We conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using content analysis. The findings suggest that medical specialties carry different social status. In the field of power, surgery is seen as the most prestigious of all specialties. However, in the future it might be a less attractive choice when young doctors tend to view their profession less as an identity and more like a job. For specialties perceived as low status, the challenge is to raise popularity by better describing to young doctors the characteristics and advantages of these specialties.

Capital simbólico do trabalho das visitadoras sanitárias da Fundação Serviço de Saúde Pública, Alagoas/Brasil / Symbolic capital of the work of the female health visitors of the Public Health Service Foundation in the State of Alagoas, Brazil

Resumo De caráter histórico, o estudo analisa o trabalho das visitadoras sanitárias da Fundação Serviço de Saúde Pública, em Alagoas, entre 1960 e 1990 e o capital simbólico a elas conferido. Foram utilizadas fontes documentais e orais, estas produzidas em entrevistas realizadas com recurso da história oral temática, concedidas por visitadoras, médico e enfermeira. As informações foram analisadas com base nos conceitos de habitus, campo, capital simbólico e distinção, de Pierre Bourdieu, e revelaram que as visitadoras sanitárias foram relevantes na assistência à saúde das comunidades onde atuaram, detendo marcas distintivas para inculcar práticas sanitárias por meio de visitas domiciliares e discurso autorizado para reconfigurar o habitus higiênico das famílias. Essa atuação lhes conferiu poder e capital simbólicos legitimados pela comunidade.

Abstract This study of a historical nature analyzes the work of health visitors of the Public Health Service Foundation in Alagoas between 1960 and 1990 and the symbolic capital attributed to them. Documental and oral sources were used, the latter produced in interviews conducted using thematic oral history, given by the visitors, the physician and nurse. The information was analyzed based on the concepts of habitus, field, symbolic capital and distinction of Pierre Bourdieu, and revealed that health visitors were relevant in the healthcare of the communities where they worked with distinctive approaches to inculcate health practices through home visits and authority to reconfigure the hygienic habitus of families. This activity gave them symbolic power and capital legitimized by the community.

New Guinea bone daggers were engineered to preserve social prestige.

Bone daggers were once widespread in New Guinea. Their purpose was both symbolic and utilitarian; they functioned as objects of artistic expression with the primary function of stabbing and killing people at close quarters. Most daggers were shaped from the tibiotarsus of cassowaries, but daggers shaped from the femora of respected men carried greater social prestige. The greater cross-sectional curvature of human bone daggers indicates superior strength, but the material properties of cassowary bone are unknown. It is, therefore, uncertain whether the macrostructure of human bone daggers exists to compensate for inferior material properties of human femora or to preserve the symbolic value of a prestigious object. To explore this question, we used computed tomography to examine the structural mechanics of 11 bone daggers, 10 of which are museum-accessioned objects of art. We found that human and cassowary bones have similar material properties and that the geometry of human bone daggers results in higher moments of inertia and a greater resistance to bending. Data from finite-element models corroborated the superior mechanical performance of human bone daggers, revealing greater resistance to larger loads with fewer failed elements. Taken together, our findings suggest that human bone daggers were engineered to preserve symbolic capital, an outcome that agrees well with the predictions of signalling theory.

Knowledge exchange in the UK CLAHRCs.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how knowledge exchange between academics and clinicians in Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRCs) is influenced by their social position based on their symbolic and social capitals, that is, their personal professional status and connections to high-status professional peers, knowledge brokers, and unfamiliar professional peers. Design/methodology/approach Using an online survey, the author triangulates the cross-sectional measurement of the effects of academic and clinicians' social position in the initial and later phases of CLAHRCs with the longitudinal measurement of these effects over a two-year period. Findings First, academics and clinicians with a higher personal professional status are more likely to develop joint networks and decision making both in the early and later phases of a CLAHRC. Second, academics and clinicians who are more connected to higher status occupational peers are more likely to develop joint networks in the early phase of a knowledge exchange partnership but are less likely to become engaged in joint networks over time. Third, involvement of knowledge brokers in the networks of academics and clinicians is likely to facilitate their inter-professional networking only in the later partnership phase. Practical implications Academics and clinicians' capitals have a distinctive influence on knowledge exchange in the early and later phases of CLAHRCs and on a change in knowledge exchange over a two-year period. Originality/value Prior research on CLAHRCs has examined how knowledge exchange between academics and clinicians can be encouraged by the creation of shared governance mechanisms. The author advances this research by highlighting the role of their social position in facilitating knowledge exchange.

'Healthy anorexia': The complexity of care in disordered eating.

This paper examines how contemporary understandings of 'health' and 'care' are engaged with and practiced by women with disordered eating. Based on findings from an Australian study investigating why people with disordered eating are reluctant to engage with treatment services (March 2012 to March 2015), we demonstrate how young women use elements of a 'health habitus' and 'care' to rationalise and justify their practices. Moving beyond Foucauldian theories of self-discipline and individual responsibility we argue that Bourdieu's concept of habitus and ethnographic concepts of care provide a deeper understanding of the ways in which people with disordered eating embody health practices as a form of care and distinction. We demonstrate how eating and bodily practices that entail 'natural', medical and ethical concerns (in particular, the new food regime known as orthorexia) are successfully incorporated into participants' eating disorder repertoires and embodied as a logic of care. Understanding how categories of health and care are tinkered with and practiced by people with disordered eating has important implications for health professionals, family members and peers engaging with and identifying people at all stages of help-seeking.

Propuesta de indicadores para identificar el capital cultural en las entidades de información / Proposal of indicators to identify cultural capital in information institutions

Objetivo: proponer pautas para identificar el capital cultural en las entidades de información. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo. Se utilizaron el análisis documental clásico y las entrevistas a través de las variables clima social, lazos de confianza, canales de comunicación, compromiso y sentido de pertenencia, condiciones de trabajo, competencias laborales, cultura organizacional, valores culturales, satisfacción, experiencia y liderazgo. Se mostraron las definiciones, perspectivas y elementos del capital cultural y se demostró su importancia en las entidades de información. Se realizó un análisis de las dimensiones que conforman el capital cultural. Se expusieron variables tales como actitudes, valores, aptitudes, capacidades, aprendizaje y cultura organizacional, que se operacionalizaron en indicadores e ítems donde se tomó como base de estudio el modelo Intellectus y los modos de identificar el capital cultural en entidades educativas y culturales. Resultados: el capital cultural se identificó a partir de elementos que tenían un carácter multidimensional y que se encontraban estrechamente relacionados. Las tres dimensiones que como aspectos esenciales del capital cultural influyeron en su creación y transmisión fueron la dimensión cognitiva, la dimensión estructural y la dimensión relacional. Estas tres dimensiones se interrelacionaron entre sí, lo que hizo posible que el capital cultural se generara, se desarrollara y se transmitiera a todos los niveles de la organización, tributando a mejorar las decisiones desde el punto de vista gerencial. Conclusión: el capital cultural se impuso como un elemento indispensable que marcó una diferencia entre las organizaciones a partir de las características de sus individuos(AU)

Objective: propose guidelines to identify cultural capital in information institutions. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted. Classic document analysis was used, as well as interviews based on the variables social climate, confidence ties, communication channels, commitment and sense of belonging, work conditions, work competences, organizational culture, cultural values, satisfaction, experience and leadership. Cultural capital definitions, perspectives and component elements were presented, as well as their importance for information institutions. An analysis was conducted of the dimensions of cultural capital. Variables such as attitudes, values, aptitudes, capacities, learning and organizational culture were operationalized through indicators and headings based on the Intellectus model and identification modes for cultural capital in educational and cultural institutions. Results: cultural capital was identified on the basis of multidimensional, closely interrelated elements. The cognitive dimension, the structural dimension and the relational dimension were found to play an essential role in the creation and transmission of cultural capital. These three dimensions were closely interrelated, making it possible for cultural capital to be generated, developed and transmitted to all levels in the organization, contributing to improve management decisions. Conclusions: cultural capital was found to be a crucial element in organizations, differentiating them on the basis of the characteristics of their members(AU)

Propuesta de indicadores para identificar el capital cultural en las entidades de información / Proposal of indicators to identify cultural capital in information institutions

Proponer pautas para identificar el capital cultural en las entidades de información. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo. Se utilizaron el análisis documental clásico y las entrevistas a través de las variables clima social, lazos de confianza, canales de comunicación, compromiso y sentido de pertenencia, condiciones de trabajo, competencias laborales, cultura organizacional, valores culturales, satisfacción, experiencia y liderazgo. Se mostraron las definiciones, perspectivas y elementos del capital cultural y se demostró su importancia en las entidades de información. Se realizó un análisis de las dimensiones que conforman el capital cultural. Se expusieron variables tales como actitudes, valores, aptitudes, capacidades, aprendizaje y cultura organizacional, que se operacionalizaron en indicadores e ítems donde se tomó como base de estudio el modelo Intellectus y los modos de identificar el capital cultural en entidades educativas y culturales. Resultados: el capital cultural se identificó a partir de elementos que tenían un carácter multidimensional y que se encontraban estrechamente relacionados. Las tres dimensiones que como aspectos esenciales del capital cultural influyeron en su creación y transmisión fueron la dimensión cognitiva, la dimensión estructural y la dimensión relacional. Estas tres dimensiones se interrelacionaron entre sí, lo que hizo posible que el capital cultural se generara, se desarrollara y se transmitiera a todos los niveles de la organización, tributando a mejorar las decisiones desde el punto de vista gerencial. Conclusión: el capital cultural se impuso como un elemento indispensable que marcó una diferencia entre las organizaciones a partir de las características de sus individuos...

Propose guidelines to identify cultural capital in information institutions. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted. Classic document analysis was used, as well as interviews based on the variables social climate, confidence ties, communication channels, commitment and sense of belonging, work conditions, work competences, organizational culture, cultural values, satisfaction, experience and leadership. Cultural capital definitions, perspectives and component elements were presented, as well as their importance for information institutions. An analysis was conducted of the dimensions of cultural capital. Variables such as attitudes, values, aptitudes, capacities, learning and organizational culture were operationalized through indicators and headings based on the Intellectus model and identification modes for cultural capital in educational and cultural institutions. Results: cultural capital was identified on the basis of multidimensional, closely interrelated elements. The cognitive dimension, the structural dimension and the relational dimension were found to play an essential role in the creation and transmission of cultural capital. These three dimensions were closely interrelated, making it possible for cultural capital to be generated, developed and transmitted to all levels in the organization, contributing to improve management decisions. Conclusions: cultural capital was found to be a crucial element in organizations, differentiating them on the basis of the characteristics of their members...

La violencia simbólica Como reproducción Biopolítica del poder / The symbolic violence as a biopolitics reproduction of the power / A violência simbólica como reprodução biopolítica do poder

La violencia simbólica es una apuesta conceptual muy fuerte en la teoría sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu. Ella está en todas partes, pero de manera especial se reproduce, invisible e inexorablemente, en los sistemas de enseñanza. Este problema no es exclusivamente académico, es ante todo político, ético y estético; la violencia simbólica se ejerce en el Estado, se encarna a la vez en la objetividad bajo formas de estructuras y de mecanismos específicos. Hay una gama muy amplia de aspectos o de formas como se puede ejercer tal violencia simbólica y cada campo es un lugar de su ejercicio. Los sistemas culturales funcionan como una matriz simbólica de las prácticas sociales y se constituyen en el fundamento de una teoría del poder, de la reproducción de la dominación. En Bourdieu se entrevé la relación de la transmisión del capital cultural mediante el habitus y la transmisión del capital genético. Así mismo, la inculcación pedagógica es análoga a la generación genética en tanto que transmite una información generadora de información semejante. El trabajo pedagógico tiende a reproducir las condiciones sociales de producción del arbitrario cultural.

The symbolic violence is a conceptual bet very strong in the sociological theory of Pierre Bourdieu. It is everywhere, but of special way it reproduces, invisible and inexorably, in the education systems. This problem is not exclusively academic, is first of all political, ethical and aesthetic; the symbolic violence is exerted in the State, it is incarnated simultaneously in the objectivity under forms of structures and specific mechanisms. There is a very ample range as such symbolic violence can be exerted and each field is a place of its exercise. The cultural systems work as a symbolic matrix of the social practices and is constituted in the foundation of a theory of power, of the reproduction of the domination. In Bourdieu we can see the relation of the transmission of the cultural capital by means of habitus and the transmission of the genetic capital. Also, the pedagogical implantation is analogous to the genetic generation whereas it transmits a generating information of similar information. The pedagogical work tends to reproduce the social conditions of production of the arbitrary cultural one.

A violência simbólica é uma aposta conceitual muito forte na teoria sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu. Ela está em todas as partes, mas de maneira especial se reproduz, invisível e inexoravelmente, nos sistemas de ensino. Este problema não é exclusivamente acadêmico, é ante todo político, ético e estético; a violência simbólica se exerce no Estado, encarnase à vez na objetividade sob formas de estruturas e de mecanismos específicos. Há uma gama muito ampla como se pudesse exercer tal violência simbólica e cada campo é um lugar do seu exercício. Os sistemas culturais funcionam como uma matriz simbólica das práticas sociais e se constituem no fundamento de uma teoria do poder, da reprodução da dominação. Em Bourdieu suspeitou a relação da transmissão do capital cultural mediante o habitus e a transmissão do capital genético. Assim mesmo, a inculcação pedagógica é análoga à geração genética entanto que transmite uma informação geradora de informação semelhante. O trabalho pedagógico tende a reproduzir as condições sociais de produção do arbitrário cultural.